Gerund

Gerund as subject
1. swimming is a good sport
2. your singing is very beautiful
3. my felling says that
4. gardening is one of my  hobbies

setelah kata dibawah ini, wajib menggunakan Ving
admit                    mind                cintinue
appreciate            miss                 dislike
avoid                    object to          hate
consider               postpone           like
confess to             practice            love
complete              quit                   look forward to
delay                    regret               start
deny                     suggest             stop
enjoy                    begin                remember
finish                    can't stand         forget

ex:
i love playing football
i want to stop smoking
i like fishing on sunday
Satria always avoids answering your question
my brother never forget locking his car

Question tags (pertanyaan singkat)
(+) she speak english
(-) she doesn't speak english
(?) does she speak english?
(QT) she speaks english, doesn't she?
or
(QT) she doesn't speak english, does she?

ex:
1. that's a great song isn't it?
2. he can play the frumpet, can't he?
3. they're working at the office now, aren't they?
4. you haven't finished yet, have you?
5. he went to the party last night, didn't he?
6. it was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
7. we were waiting at the station, weren't we?
8. she's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
ctt: because=since=as : karena

Conjunction

1. and (sejajar)
maksudnya kata kerja sebelum dan sesudah "end", harus sama bentuk katanya.
ex:  i like reading and dancing (reading dan dancing adalah Ving)
      i eat fried rice and drink coffee (eat dan drink adalah V1)

2. not only....but also (tidak boleh di pisah)
ex: she is not only smart but also beautiful

3. eventhough, although (walaupun)
a. eventhough digunakan dalam kondisi (-) hasil (+)
    ex: eventhough Ram didn't studied, he passed the exam

b. although digunakan dalam kondisi (+) hasil (-)
    ex: although Ram had studied very hard, he didn't score well

4. because, although, eventhough + clause/S+V1
ex:  because i got an accident, i can't walk
    because of, duo to, in spite of/despite + noun
ex:  because of you, i got an accident.

Conditional Sentence

1. If + V1/be + Modal I + V1 (Real, mungkin terjadi)
ctt:  be (is,am,are,have/had)
       modal I (will,can,may)

ex:  If i have money, i will go to L.A
      If you eat breakfast, you will got enough energy

2. If + V2/were + Modal II + V1 (Unreal, bertentangan dengan sekarang)
ctt:  modal II (could,would,should,might)

ex:  If i were a president, i would over come the corruption
      (i am not a president)
      If she want there now, she would met him
      (she is not going there)
      If i were you, i would go with him
      (i am not you)

3. If + had V3/had been + Modal II + have + v3 (Unreal, bertentangan dengan masa lalu)
ex:  If i had been a president, i would have jailed the corruptor
      (i was not a prsident)
      If you have gone there yesterday, you would have met him.

Preference (pilihan)

1. would  rather v1  /be than v1/be
2. prefer(s) v-ing/noun to v-ing/noun
3. like(s) v- ing /noun better than v ing /noun
4. would prefer to v-1 rather than v-1

ex: I would rather dance than sing
     I prefer watching to cooking
     I like chocolatate better than coffe
     I would prefer to   rather than swim

1. Comparative/membandingkan
er.......than  a. satu suku kata
                  b. dua suku kata diakhiri "Y"
more..than  c. lebih dari dua suku kata

ex:  Dian is taller than Adi
      Dian is more beautiful than Luna.

2. Superlative (paling)
the......est  a. satu suku kata
                 b. dua suku kata di akhiri dengan "Y"
the most..  c. lebih dari dua suku kata

ex:  Jean is the smartest student in the class
      Jean is the most beatiful student in the class

ada empat kata yang tidak bisa di tambah es/est.
positive
1.good
2.bad
3.far
4.little

comperative
1.better
2.worse
3.further
4.less

superlative
1.best
2.worst
3.furthest
4.least

3. Perbandingan yang sama
as......as

ex: Rudi is as tall as Adi
      this car is as exprensive as that car

Adjective Clause

who : sebagai pengganti subject (orang)
contoh
- the boy is my cousin
- the broke my car
the boy who broke my car is my cousin.

whom : sebagai pengganti object (orang)
contoh
- the foreigner come from uk
- i had conversation with him
the foreigner whom i had conversation come from uk.

whose : sebagai ganti kepemilikan (benda dan orang)
contoh
- we visited my uncle
- this house is in the will
we visited my uncle whose house is in the hill.

which : sebagai pengganti subject dan object (benda)
contoh
- the cat is funny
- it is sleeping under the chair
the cat which is sleeping under the chair is funny.

why : sebagai alasan
contoh
give me are good reason why tou did that

when : sebagai pengganti waktu
contoh
this is the year when the olimpic games are held

where : sebagai pengganti tempat
contoh
here is the house where i live.

that : sebagai pengganti untuk all human dan non human
contoh
saya rasa anda sudah tau contohnya.

Possibility
1. could
2. may
3. might

Advisable
1. had better
2. oughtto
3. should
 
Intantion
1. shall
2. will

Necessity
1. must
2. have to
 
Past habit
1. would

Modal past events
1. should
2. must
3. could
4. might
(modal+have+V3)